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The Platform
International Day of Older Persons 2022: Resilience of Older Persons in a Changing World All the knowledge you need to learn more about and celebrate the resilience of older people.

Learn more about the UN International Day of Older Persons 2022

What is #UNIDOP?

On 14 December 1990, the United Nations General Assembly (by resolution 45/106) designated 1 October the International Day of Older Persons (#UNIDOP). On UNIDOP, stakeholders around the world come together to highlight the important contributions that older people make to society and raise awareness of the joys and challenges of ageing in today’s world.

Over the next decade, the number of older persons worldwide is projected to increase to 1.4 billion persons. All regions will see an increase in the size of the older population between 2019 and 2050, but this change will be the greatest and most rapid in low- and middle-income countries. UNIDOP is an important opportunity to:

  • bring attention to this social transformation;
  • highlight knowledge that has been generated linked to this year's UNIDOP theme; and
  • spark action that can contribute to achieving the vision of the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing: a world where all people can live long and healthy lives.
 

Why resilience in a changing world?

The United Nations International Day of Older Persons (UNIDOP) 2022 theme is 'Resilience of Older Persons in a Changing World'.

Societies across the globe are facing major crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and situations of conflict. In the face of such challenging contexts, older people have and continue to demonstrate resilience including by actively supporting their loved ones and local communities. However, these crises also show us that systemic changes across all sectors of society are still required to transform the world to be a better place to grow older, particularly for women who bear the burden of cumulative disadvantage over the life course.

This year’s UNIDOP is an opportunity to both celebrate the contributions of older women and men to sustainable development, and highlight the barriers they still face in being heard and included in society.

How can I get involved?

You can get involved with the UN International Day of Older Persons by:
  • Sharing what you know or have experienced about resilience and older persons in a changing world with the global community through the Decade Platform;
  • Learning more about resilience and healthy ageing by exploring resources produced across the United Nations and around the world; and
  • Joining online events organised by the United Nations and civil society to mark the day.
 Share your knowledge

Contact us

For more information about a specific event, please contact the organisers directly by going to the event's Platform page linked below.

For information about the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and its knowledge exchange Platform, please contact:

 Contact Us

Events

UN International Day of Older Persons 2022 (Vienna Event) - The Resilience and Contributions of Older Women

3 October 2022
In 1990, the United Nations General Assembly voted to establish October 1st as the International Day of Older People [IDOP] (GA Res. 45/106). Each year, the Vienna-based Committee on Ageing organizes a commemoration event around that date. This year’s Vienna event will be celebrated in the afternoon of Monday, October 3rd, 2022 in the OJAB-Haus (Untere Augartenstrasse 31, 1020Wien). The general theme of the upcoming UN-IDOP is “The Resilience and Contributions of Older Women.” There are four sub-topics to be addressed by invited speakers, following the keynote speech by Austria’s Minister for Social Affairs, Mr. Johannes Rauch: 1) Ageing – So What? Mainstreaming Getting Older (Confirmed Speaker: Dr. Alexandre Sidorenko, Senior Advisor, European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, Vienna); 2) Older Persons: Strengthening Resilience to Mental Health Issues (Confirmed Speaker: Dr. Monika Zavis, Comenius University, Bratislavia, Slovakia); 3) Care and Caring in Europe: Common Challenges – Common Solutions? (Confirmed Speaker: Mr. Stecy Yghemonos, Executive Director Eurocarers, Brussels); 4) The Impact of Climate Change on Older People (Confirmed Speaker: Dr. Andrea Schmidt, Head of Department, Austrian National Public Health Institute, Vienna) There will also be pre-recorded video greeting message from Dr. Monika Vana, MEP, Leader of the Austrian Green party delegation in the European Parliament, Brussels. More

UN International Day of Older Persons 2022 (New York Event) -  The Resilience and Contributions of Older Women

3 October 2022
The United Nations International Day of Older Persons aims to enshrine and promote the rights of older persons, and to engage and mobilize advocates to protect those rights. UNIDOP 2022 is an in-person event, also to be broadcast via UN Web TV (//media.un.org) that will involve a multistakeholder dialogue aimed to address the socioeconomic, environmental, and health experiences of older women, highlight their participation in helping to build resilient societies, and the importance of their full inclusion in policy development. More

UN International Day of Older Persons 2022 (Geneva Event) - Older Persons as Active Agents in a Changing Climate

30 September 2022
The climate crisis impacts the entire globe, and persons of all ages experience the negative and harsh consequences of climate change. However, climate change disproportionately impacts older persons, especially older women, persons living in situation of poverty, and older persons with disabilities. Despite this, older persons are often not consulted or included in efforts to address the climate crisis. More

WSIS&SDG TalkX - International Day of Older Persons 2022: Resilience in a Changing World

30 September 2022
The 2022 theme of UN International Day of Older Persons (UNIDOP), “Resilience of Older Persons in a Changing World” serves as a hallmark and reminder of the significant role older women play in traversing global challenges and contributing to their solutions with resilience and fortitude. More

The Resilience and Contributions of Older Women in Asia and the Pacific

30 September 2022
The theme for the 2022 International Day of Older Persons is: the Resilience and Contributions of Older Women. The commemoration of this day in Asia and the Pacific will focus on the specific situation of older women in the region, and it will provide an opportunity for member States and non-government stakeholders to celebrate the contribution of older women to societies all across the region. It will discuss the significant role older women play in traversing everyday challenges and contributing to their solutions with resilience and fortitude. Findings and recommendations from the Asia-Pacific Report on Population Ageing 2022, as they relate to the situation of older women, will also be presented at the event. More

Scaling Up Physical Activity for Older Adults: Celebrating International Day of Older Persons

30 September 2022
The United Nations General Assembly declared 2021–2030 the Decade of Healthy Ageing. But while the UN Decade builds on existing mandates and initiatives, it also represents a new beginning recognising that if we are to be successful at delivering the change that is needed, we need new ways of working. More

Publications

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An inclusive response to older persons in humanitarian emergencies

29 November 2019 / Policy Brief
Population ageing, coupled with a predicted increase in the number of humanitarian emergencies, will result in large numbers of older persons impacted by emergencies in the future. Older persons are often overlooked in emergency relief systems, which worsens their capacity to respond and adapt in crises. Promoting the rights of older persons in emergencies, supporting their effective engagement in the design and implementation of humanitarian actions and confronting ageism are essential for an inclusive humanitarian response. An age-inclusive emergency response requires adequate financing and a solid knowledge base. More

Care at work: Investing in care leave and services for a more gender equal world of work

7 March 2022 / Reports
The Care at work report offers a global overview of national laws, policies and practices on care, including maternity, paternity, parental, child and long-term care. It highlights how some workers fall outside the scope of these legal protections. These include the self-employed, workers in the informal economy, migrants, and adoptive and LGBTQI+ parents. It also looks at the case for – and potential impact of – greater investment in care. The need for long-term care services for older persons and those with disabilities has been rising steeply because of increased life expectancy and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic . However, the study finds that access to services such as residential care, community day services and in-home care, remains inaccessible to the great majority of those who need them world-wide, although “long-term care services are essential to ensure the right to healthy ageing in dignity”. The report finds “a strong investment case” for creating a transformative package of care policies, based on universal access, that would create a breakthrough pathway for building a better and more gender equal world of work. Investment in gender equal leave, universal childcare and long-term care services could generate up to 299 million jobs by 2035, it says. Closing these policy gaps would require an annual investment of US$5.4 trillion (equivalent to 4.2 per cent of total annual GDP) by 2035, some of which could be offset by an increase in tax revenue from the additional earnings and employment. More

Decade of Healthy Ageing Connection Series No. 1 - COVID-19

30 September 2020 / Policy Brief
The UN Decade of Healthy Ageing Connection Series explores the relationships between the Decade of Healthy Ageing and key global issues. This first Advocacy Brief in the Decade Connection Series looks at COVID-19. The Decade of Healthy Ageing proposal was finalized in late 2019, before the arrival of COVID-19. More

Decade of Healthy Ageing Connection Series No. 3 - The Decade in a Climate-changing World

24 January 2022 / Policy Brief
The UN Decade of Healthy Ageing Connection Series explores the relationships between the Decade of Healthy Ageing and key global issues. This third advocacy brief highlights how the health and wellbeing of older people are affected by climate change and how climate change is relevant across all four priority action areas of the Decade plan. It identifies key opportunities to bring the healthy ageing and climate change agendas together and presents specific examples of what can be done to foster healthy ageing that can also help adapt to, mitigate, and build resilience for the climate crisis. More

Gender equality in ageing societies - UNECE Policy Brief on Ageing No. 23

16 March 2020 / Policy Brief
Faced with population ageing, countries in the UNECE region are preparing for growing numbers of older persons receiving pensions and needing health and long-term care services. An important societal adaptation to ageing has been to increase the labour market participation among women and older persons to ensure the sustainability of social security and protection systems. It is now time that regulatory frameworks, financial provisions and services support the equal sharing of paid and unpaid work in families, households and communities between women and men to close prevailing gender gaps in care, employment, earnings and pensions. Unless gender- and age-responsive reforms are addressing the multiple dimensions of gender inequality in ageing societies, women risk to be disproportionately disadvantaged by the consequences of population ageing, facing double and triple shifts of paid, domestic and care work at the detriment of their own health, earnings and savings which can accumulate to a greater risk of poverty, social isolation and unmet care needs in their own advanced age. More

Gender, age, and disability: Addressing the intersection

2 June 2022 / Policy Brief
Older women face discrimination, bias, and marginalization, as recognized by the General Recommendation Number 27 of the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women. This discrimination, bias, and marginalization is only further compounded for older women with disabilities. They are systematically overlooked and underrepresented in development policies, programmes, initiatives, legislation, as well as humanitarian efforts. Moreover, gender inequality, ageism, and ableism are further exacerbated by other forms of discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, caste, religion, migration status, among other factors. By focusing on the intersection of gender, age, and disability, this UN Women brief seeks to raise awareness regarding the situation of older women with disabilities and provides a set of recommendations for actions that stakeholders might consider and implement. More

Older Persons in Emergency Situations - UNECE Policy Brief on Ageing No. 25

25 November 2020 / Policy Brief
Between 2001 and 2019, emergency crises in the UNECE region affected an estimated 130 million people, injuring over 90 million, and making nearly 674,000 people homeless. Though generally disproportionately impacted by emergency crises, older men and women are often neglected in disaster risk reduction strategies and emergency responses. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of older persons carrying the burden of severe illness and mortality as well as of acute loneliness and isolation. As of September 2020, nearly 9 out of 10 COVID-19 related deaths reported in the UNECE region have been among adults aged 65 years and older. Disaster risk reduction and preparedness plans need to be "older persons friendly and inclusive" to prevent and mitigate the potentially devastating implications of emergency crises among them. The challenge is not only to protect older persons and ensure essential services provide for their needs, as part of the emergency response and recovery after crises, it is also to account for the diversity of this population group, recognize their capacities and harness their experiences to maximize the preparedness for and minimize the impact of emergencies. More

Snapshot of Age-friendly Cities and Communities in the Americas during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned

23 August 2021 / Other
Most COVID-19 related deaths in the Region of the Americas have occurred in people aged 70 years and over. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has further revealed the fragility of older adults, as well as of the health systems and communities that support them. However, age-friendly environments and related initiatives have played a key role in the timely adaptation to and mitigation of the effects of COVID-19. Various age-friendly cities and communities in Latin America participated in a survey aiming to understand the role of such initiatives in the Region, the impact of being part of the global network, and to present best practices adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic. This publication aims to show that being part of the “age-friendly global network” is beneficial not only to older persons but for all, and it can be especially beneficial in emergency situations. Its intended impact is to increase the quality of planning and concrete actions of age-friendly environments within the Region of the Americas. The primary target audiences of this publication are Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and stakeholders that are involved and have prior knowledge of the practice of age-friendly environments. It also intends to reach age-friendly cities and communities in the Region of the Americas to share good practices that can be reproduced, as well as encourage such initiatives on behalf of older individuals. Its key messages highlight the importance of access to technology for older people and how being an age-friendly city plays an important role in reaching vulnerable populations. It also shows how a multisectoral approach and the involvement of different actors have made a huge impact in the development of activities toward an age-friendly environment and in favor of the protection of older adults. More

The rights of older women: the intersection between ageing and gender

16 July 2021 / Reports
In this report, the Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons unpacks the gendered effects of ageing with a focus on the key human rights challenges and concerns of older women. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated gender-based discrimination and inequalities, while also putting the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons into the spotlight. Generally, less attention has been paid to the intersection between ageing and gender, although women form the majority of older persons worldwide, especially among the oldest age categories. Women do not experience ageing in the same way as men, and their situation is also considerably influenced by other intersectional factors. Their opportunities to take full advantage of increased longevity are limited by gendered disadvantages accumulated throughout the life course and compounded by ageist stereotypes and age discrimination. The report underlines the active roles and vital participation of older women in our communities and societies. The Independent Expert sets out recommendations addressed to States in order to ensure that older women are able to exercise their human rights and live in dignity. She calls on all relevant stakeholders to place greater focus on the intersection between ageing and gender, including in data collection, research and analysis, and to give more visibility to older women in human rights frameworks and mechanisms. More

UN Advocacy Brief on Older Women: Inequality at the Intersection of Age and Gender

15 March 2022 / Policy Brief
This advocacy brief explores some areas where ageism intersects with gender-based discrimination. The gendered nature of aging plays an important role in shaping the lives of older persons. While both women and men experience ageism when they get older, women experience aging and its impact differently. Gender-based discrimination and inequalities are exacerbated at older ages, with these inequalities emerging from gendered stereotypes deeply rooted in cultural and social norms. The combination of ageism and sexism has a unique and aggravating effect on discrimination and inequality. The situation, challenges, opportunities, and diversity of older women in our societies are often overlooked in discussions concerning women and gender and, to some degree, in those devoted to older persons. This brief seeks to spark a conversation among relevant stakeholders on how to better integrate old age and gender perspectives in policymaking. More

UN Global report on ageism

18 March 2021 / Reports
The Global report on ageism outlines a framework for action to reduce ageism including specific recommendations for different actors (e.g. government, UN agencies, civil society organizations, private sector). It brings together the best available evidence on the nature and magnitude of ageism, its determinants and its impact. It outlines what strategies work to prevent and counter ageism, identifies gaps and proposes future lines of research to improve our understanding of ageism. More

Working with Older Persons in Forced Displacement

2 September 2021 / Guidance
This document provides guidance for UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) staff and partners on protecting the rights of older persons in situations of forced displacement or statelessness. When responding to the phases of forced displacement (flight, displacement, return, resettlement or integration), UNHCR staff and partners need to ensure that older persons’ rights to independence, participation, self-fulfilment, dignity, and care are met without discrimination. To do this, teams should develop a thorough understanding of both the needs and capacities of older persons in displaced populations. Systematic application of UNHCR’s Age, Gender and Diversity Policy is central to ensuring that all persons of concern to UNHCR, including older persons, enjoy their rights on an equal footing with others, and are able to participate fully in the decisions affecting their lives and those of family members and communities, taking into account the diversity that exists among older persons. Furthermore, the UNHCR Policy on Older Refugees calls on UNHCR staff and partners to address the protection and assistance needs of older persons and ensure their equality of access to all measures that promote their participation and wellbeing. More

Multimedia

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United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres on the UN International Day of Older Persons 2022

1 October 2022 / Videos
In this video statement marking the UN International Day of Older Persons 2022, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres speaks on the need to address the challenges of longevity, as well as unleash its potential. “The past years have witnessed dramatic upheavals – and older people often found themselves at the epicenter of crises [...] Yet in the face of these threats, older people have inspired us with their remarkable resilience". More

Caregiving impacts on unpaid informal carers' health and well-being – a gender perspective

30 June 2022 / Infographics
In this advocacy tool, get a comprehensive yet concise overview of how caregiving affects the health and well-being of unpaid informal caregivers – with an explicit focus on how gender influences these effects. The tool / infographic outlines: how costs of caregiving are rising; why gender matters when looking at care (including long-term care) and health concerns; and how unpaid informal carers' well-being can be improved. More

ILO Podcast series: Global challenges – Global solutions – Are we doing all we can to address ageing in the world of work?

11 March 2022 / Audio
People are living longer than ever before in both developed and developing countries. And in both cases, older people either want to, or have to, keep working, often out of the realistic fear of falling into poverty. In this podcast, Dorothea Schmidt-Klau, Senior Economist at the International Labour Organization’s Employment Policy Department, unpacks these trends in ageing in the world of work and how to address them. More

Older people speak about ageism to the Human Rights Council - Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada

21 September 2021 / Videos
Listen to older people talk about their own personal experiences of ageism in their contexts as they raise their voices at the highest levels of global policy decision making and power. Filmed during summer 2021, this clip featured at an event on 21 September during the 48th session of the Human Rights Council, in the presence of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the UN Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons. This clip was made by indigenous First Nations older people on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada, with the support of HelpAge Canada. The film clips form part of a global Participatory Video VOICE project, led by WHO, for the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing, in collaboration with HelpAge International and InsightShare. This global project aims at demonstrating ways of catalyzing the voice and meaningful engagement of older people in efforts to progress all action areas of Decade. Find out more at: //wowhentaitube.com/find-knowledge/voices. Look out for more videos made by older people from around the world as they become available. The work is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada. More

Older people speak about ageism to the Human Rights Council - Kpalimé, Togo

21 September 2021 / Videos
Listen to older people talk about their own personal experiences of ageism in their contexts as they raise their voices at the highest levels of global policy decision making and power. Filmed during summer 2021, this clip featured at an event on 21 September during the 48th session of the Human Rights Council, in the presence of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the UN Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons. This clip was made by small groups of older people in Kpalimé, Togo, with the support of the local NGO UNI.SOL.D, the National Council for the Elderly in Togo, and WHO Togo. The film clips form part of a global Participatory Video VOICE project, led by WHO, for the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing, in collaboration with HelpAge International and InsightShare. This global project aims at demonstrating ways of catalyzing the voice and meaningful engagement of older people in efforts to progress all action areas of Decade. Find out more at: //wowhentaitube.com/find-knowledge/voices. Look out for more videos made by older people from around the world as they become available. The work is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada. More

Global Campaign to Combat Ageism - #AWorld4AllAges

18 March 2021 / Videos
This film takes you on a journey through experiences of ageism across the life course, showing how ageism affects everyone, everywhere. The film encourages us to reflect on our own thoughts, feelings, and actions towards age and ageing, and aims to spark conversations and actions to tackle ageism and create #AWorld4AllAges​. To find out more and join the movement, visit: //www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/demographic-change-and-healthy-ageing/combatting-ageism More

Databases & Repositories

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UNECE Active Ageing Index

7 September 2021
Active ageing is a multidimensional concept referring to a situation where people continue to participate in the formal labour market, engage in unpaid productive activities (such as care provision to family members and volunteering), and live healthy, independent and secure lives as they age. Active ageing policies thus need to address this variety of dimensions: enable possibilities for longer working life, ensure social involvement, encourage healthy lifestyles, and provide opportunities for independent living for both men and women. Monitoring such policy implementation requires a comprehensive tool that encompasses the multitude of aspects of active ageing. The Active Ageing Index (AAI) is such a tool. It captures various facets of active ageing: it measures how much of older men and women’s potential to contribute to the economy and society is used and to what extent their living environment enables them. They contribute by working, volunteering, providing informal care, living independently, and staying healthy. AAI offers a flexible framework that can be applied to different countries and at national as well as subnational (regional and local) levels. It depicts the current situation and highlights the areas where future gains can be made. A country might have high results in one domain, for example employment, with relatively low results in another one, such as independent living. This signals that matters enabling independent living need particular attention. More

WHO Ageing Data Portal

21 April 2021
The WHO Ageing Data Portal, part of the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing Platform, brings together data on available global indicators relevant to monitoring the health and well-being of people aged 60 years and over. Through maps, charts and tables, the portal offers tailored options for visualization and analysis of the data. This information will strengthen the visibility of older people, help inform action to improve health and well-being in countries in line with global, regional and national commitments. The Data Portal also offers detailed country profiles to help provide more information at the national level. More

WHO Global Database of Age-friendly Practices

20 April 2021
This database provides a searchable list of age-friendly practices implemented by members of the WHO Global Network for Age-friendly Cities and Communities, and beyond. In practical terms, age-friendly environments are free from physical and social barriers and supported by policies, systems, services, products and technologies that promote health and build and maintain physical and mental capacity across the life course; and enable people, even when experiencing capacity loss, to continue to do the things they value. More

Toolkits

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Mental Health and Psychosocial Support, Humanitarian Response in Ukraine and Neighbouring Countries

26 February 2022
This is a collection of resources on mental health and psychosocial support relevant for humanitarian responses in Ukraine and neighbouring countries, made available by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. The resources listed also have specific relevance to how older people can be supported and protected in conflict situations. Resources are available in English, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovakian, and Ukrainian. More

Living with the Times: A mental health and psychosocial support toolkit for older people

15 March 2021
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has severely affected the mental health and well-being of older people. As a high-risk group for severe disease and mortality, older people had to be especially cautious to avoid contracting the virus. Adherence to public health and social measures left them facing extended periods of social isolation, interrupted care services and exclusion from societal life. Living with the Times is a mental health and psychosocial support toolkit developed by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings (IASC MHPSS RG), co-chaired by the World Health Organization and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The toolkit specifically addresses the coping needs of older people during the pandemic. It contains five large posters and an instruction manual for caregivers that can be printed out or used on screen. More

Good practice guide: embedding inclusion of older people and people with disabilities in humanitarian policy and practice

21 March 2018
This good practice guide is an outcome of the research conducted by Oxford Brookes University over three years (2014-2017) evaluating the practices of six humanitarian organisations (Red Cross, Islamic Relief Worldwide, HelpAge International, Concern Worldwide, CBM International, Christian Aid International) to make their humanitarian practices more inclusive of older people and people with disabilities, as a part of the Age and Disability Capacity Programme (ADCAP). The good practice guide has identified nine change themes that organisations can embed to make their humanitarian response and planning more inclusive. Humanitarian actors can use the collection of practical examples and approaches identified in the guide, for purposes such as when: designing new inclusive programmes; adapting current programmes to make them inclusive; adjusting organisational frameworks and programming tools to make them inclusive; undertaking systematic reviews of organisational policies and practices from an inclusion perspective; reviewing and developing staff competencies on inclusion; and developing staff training tools on inclusion based on good practice examples. More

UNHCR Emergency Handbook – Older Persons

12 June 2015
This is a section dedicated to older persons taken from UNHCR’s Handbook for Emergencies, whose 4th edition was originally published in 2015 but is now available fully online and constantly updated. The Emergency Handbook guidance is published in the form of “Entries”, self-contained units of content. Entries are structured along seven main topic areas: 1. “Getting ready”: Emergency preparedness; 2. “Protecting and empowering”: Community based protection; protection interventions, asylum, specific needs, registration, legal standards and principles; 3. “Delivering the response”: Programme planning and management, sector guidance and good practises by operational context (urban, rural, camps), standards and indicators, UNHCR management procedures for administration, finance, human resources, supply and information and communication technology (ICT); 4. “Leading and coordinating”: Setting strategy, coordination, emergencies, resource mobilisation and information management; 5. “Staff well-being”: Support and advice for emergency responders, also in terms of psychological and physical well-being; 6. “Security”: Security and risk management guidance, in view of emergency responders and persons of concern; 7. “Media”: Working with journalists and mass media, including print, visual and digital media. More
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